Cambridge, MA – Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have made a groundbreaking discovery in the field of neuroscience, uncovering two new brain pathways that affect movement and emotional decision-making by regulating dopamine release. These pathways, located in the striatum region of the brain, play a crucial role in either stimulating or inhibiting dopamine-producing neurons, ultimately influencing the execution or suppression of movement.
The findings from this study shed light on how these pathways may be particularly involved in decisions influenced by strong emotions and anxiety. This insight into the intricate relationship between motivation and movement could have significant implications for understanding and potentially treating disorders like Parkinson’s disease.
Dr. Ann Graybiel, an Institute Professor at MIT and senior author of the study, explains that within the striatum, movement is orchestrated by two pathways – one that initiates movement (the “go” pathway) and one that suppresses it (the “no-go” pathway). By delving deeper into the intricacies of these pathways, researchers discovered two novel pathways that connect to dopamine-producing neurons, modulating the effects of the go and no-go pathways.
These newly identified pathways control dopamine levels in the brain by interacting with clusters of neurons known as striosomes. By manipulating dopamine release, these pathways have the potential to modify the instructions conveyed by the go and no-go pathways, particularly in decisions that are emotionally charged or anxiety-inducing.
Notably, the researchers found that the striosomes exclusively project to dopamine-containing neurons, implicating these structures in functions related to motivation, mood regulation, and movement control. Dr. Graybiel and her team are also exploring whether the organization of striosomes and matrix cells within the brain may impact specific motor control functions, potentially affecting different parts of the body.
The study also highlights the role of dopamine in emotional decision-making, suggesting that these pathways originating from the cortex and limbic system play a vital role in influencing dopamine levels to either encourage or discourage action, particularly in situations that evoke anxiety or stress.
Furthermore, the researchers plan to investigate how these striosomal circuits, which project to brain regions affected by Parkinson’s disease, may contribute to the development and progression of this disorder. By further elucidating the mechanisms underlying dopamine regulation and motor control, this research opens up new avenues for understanding and potentially treating neurological disorders.
The groundbreaking research, funded by various organizations including the National Institutes of Health and the Simons Foundation, underscores the complexity of brain circuits involved in movement, emotion, and decision-making. This study represents a significant step forward in unraveling the mysteries of the brain and its impact on our behavior and well-being.